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Study of Chinese Learners' Pedagogical Choices in Korean CLKs' awareness and ability to tap into the benefits of relationships, as well as learner-internal elements, were important. The RIs from TS & ZL, for example were able to cite their relationships with their local professors as a key factor in their pragmatic decision to avoid criticizing a strict professor (see example 2). This article reviews all locally published practical research on Korean up to 2020. It focuses on practical fundamental topics like: Discourse Construction Tests (DCTs) The test for discourse completion (DCT) is an instrument that is widely used in the field of pragmatic research. It has many strengths but it also has some disadvantages. The DCT is one example. It does not take into account individual and cultural variations. Furthermore the DCT is prone to bias and may cause overgeneralizations. It should be carefully analyzed before being used for research or assessment. Despite its limitations, the DCT can be a valuable tool for investigating the relationship between prosody and information structure in non-native speakers. The ability to manipulate the social variables that are relevant to the manner of speaking in two or more steps can be a strength. This feature can be used to study the effect of prosody across cultural contexts. In the field of linguistics the DCT has become one of the primary tools to analyze learners' behavior in communication. It can be used to analyze numerous issues, like manner of speaking, turn-taking, and lexical choices. It can be used to assess the level of phonological sophistication in learners speaking. A recent study used an DCT to test EFL students' refusal skills. Participants were given a set of scenarios to choose from and then asked to choose the most appropriate response. The researchers found that the DCT was more effective than other refusal measures that included a questionnaire as well as video recordings. Researchers cautioned, however, that the DCT must be employed with caution. They also recommended using other data collection methods. DCTs can be developed using specific language requirements, like design and content. These criterion are intuitive and is based on the assumptions made by the test developers. They are not always exact and could be misleading in describing how ELF learners respond to requests in real-world interactions. This issue requires more research into different methods of assessing refusal competence. A recent study has compared DCT responses to requests submitted by students via email with the responses gathered from an oral DCT. The results revealed that DCTs favored more direct and conventionally-indirect request forms and utilized more hints than email data. Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs) This study investigated Chinese learners' choices in their use of Korean by using a range of experimental tools, such as Discourse Completion Tasks (DCTs) Metapragmatic Questionnaires, Refusal Interviews (RIs). Participants were 46 CLKs of upper-intermediate level who responded to DCTs, MQs, and RIs. They were also asked to provide reflections on their evaluations and refusals in RIs. The results revealed that CLKs frequently chose to defy native Korean norms of pragmatism. Their choices were influenced primarily by four factors: their personalities and multilingual identities, their ongoing life experiences and their relationships. These findings have pedagogical consequences for L2 Korean assessment. The MQ data was analyzed first to identify the participants' practical choices. The data were categorized according to Ishihara's (2010) definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, we compared their choices made by the participants with their linguistic performance on the DCTs to determine if they were a sign of a pragmatic resistance. Interviewees were also required to explain why they chose the pragmatic approach in certain situations. The findings of the MQs and DCTs were then analysed using descriptive statistics and z-tests. It was found that the CLKs often resorted to euphemistic responses such as “sorry” and “thank you.” This was likely due to their lack of experience with the target language which resulted in an inadequate understanding of korea pragmatic norms. The results showed that CLKs' preferences for either converging to L1 norms or dissociating from both L1 and L2 pragmatic norms varies according to the DCT situations. In situations 3 and 12 CLKs favored diverging from both L1pragmatic norms and L2 norms, while in Situation 14, CLKs preferred convergence to L1 norms. The RIs showed that CLKs knew about their practical resistance to each DCT situation. The RIs were conducted on a one-to-one basis in the space of two days of the participants completing the MQs. The RIs were recorded and transcribed, and then coded by two coders from different companies. The code was re-coded repeatedly by the coders, re-reading and discussing each transcript. The coding results were then contrasted with the original RI transcripts, which gave an indication of how the RIs accurately portrayed the core behaviors. Interviews with Refusal The key question in pragmatic research is: why do some learners choose not to accept native-speaker norms? Recent research attempted to answer this question using a variety of experiments, including DCTs MQs and RIs. Participants included 44 CLKs and 46 CNSs from five Korean Universities. Participants were asked to complete the DCTs and MQs either in their L1 or L2. They were then invited to an RI, where they were asked to think about and discuss their responses to each DCT situation. The results showed that, on average, the CLKs rejected native-speaker pragmatic norms in over 40% of their responses. They did this despite the fact that they could produce native-like patterns. They were aware of their practical resistance. They attributed their resistance to learner-internal factors like their personalities and multilingual identities. They also referred to external factors, such as relational advantages. They described, for example how their relationships with their professors allowed them to perform better in terms of the cultural and linguistic norms at their university. The interviewees expressed their concern about the social pressures or penalties they might face when their social norms were violated. They were worried that their native friends might view them as “foreignersand believe that they are incompetent. This concern was similar in nature to the one expressed by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009). These results suggest that native-speaker pragmatic norms are no longer the default preference of Korean learners. They could still be a useful model for official Korean proficiency tests. But it would be prudent for future researchers to revisit their usefulness in particular situations and in various cultural contexts. This will allow them to better understand the effect of different cultural environments on the classroom behavior and interactions of L2 students. This will also aid educators create better methods for teaching and testing Korean pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi, principal advisor at Stratways Group in Seoul, is a geopolitical risks consultancy. Case Studies The case study method is an investigational strategy that employs participant-centered, in-depth studies to study a specific subject. This method uses various sources of data, such as documents, interviews, and observations to confirm its findings. This type of investigation is ideal for studying complicated or unique subjects which are difficult to assess using other methods. In a case study the first step is to define the subject and the purpose of the study. This will allow you to identify what aspects of the subject are important to investigate and which can be omitted. It is also beneficial to review the existing literature to gain a better understanding of the subject and place the case in a larger theoretical context. 프라그마틱 was based upon an open-source platform called the KMMLU Leaderboard [50] along with its Korean-specific benchmarks HyperCLOVA X and LDCC Solar (figure 1 below). The results of the experiment showed that L2 Korean students were highly vulnerable to native models. They were more likely to select incorrect answers which were literal interpretations. This was a departure from the correct pragmatic inference. They also showed an unnatural tendency to include their own text, or “garbage,” to their responses, which further hampered the quality of their responses. Furthermore, the participants of this case study were primarily L2 Korean learners who had achieved level 4 on the Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK) at the end of their second or third year of university and were hoping to achieve level 6 in their next attempt. They were asked to answer questions regarding their WTC/SPCC, as well as understanding and pragmatic awareness. Interviewees were presented with two scenarios involving an interaction with their counterparts and asked to choose one of the strategies listed below to use when making demands. They were then asked to provide the reasons behind their decision. The majority of participants attributed their pragmatism to their personality. For example, TS claimed that she was difficult to connect to, and she therefore was reluctant to inquire about her interactant's well-being with a heavy workload despite her belief that native Koreans would do so.